The capture of Baghdad by Mongol forces in 1258 marked a pivotal moment in Islamic history, occurring over a mere 12 days from January 29 to February 10. As the capital city fell, it also signaled the end of the Abbasid dynasty, resulting in a temporary setback for Arab culture and civilization. At the time, Baghdad was one of the largest and most alluring cities in the world, serving as a center of learning and commerce in the Islamic Golden Age.

Under the command of Hulagu Khan, the Mongols not only seized the city but also expanded their influence deeper into Mesopotamia. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Abbasid dynasty's vast libraries, including the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which was one of the most significant educational and scientific institutions globally. This destruction represented not only a loss of knowledge but also a cultural catastrophe for the Islamic world, which had thrived in a period of peace bringing forth immense advancements in various fields.

The sacking of Baghdad is often regarded as the end of the Islamic Golden Age, a time when caliphs ruled over a vast territory stretching from Iberia to modern-day Pakistan. This era was characterized by cultural flourishing and trade, which ultimately faced a disruption following the Mongol invasion. February 10 holds historical significance not only for its impact on Baghdad but also as a reminder of the fragility of cultural achievements in the face of conquest.