Iran's nuclear energy program has been a contentious issue, particularly after the attacks launched by the U.S. and Israel on its facilities in July 2025. As the ongoing conflict has intensified, these nuclear sites are reported to have largely escaped direct military action. In a recent analysis, Dagens Nyheter’s correspondent Sanna Torén Björling outlines the current state of Iran's nuclear energy infrastructure amidst the chaos of war.

Before the attacks, it was estimated that Iran possessed approximately 440 kilograms of uranium enriched to 60%, which could potentially yield enough fissile material for ten nuclear warheads if further enriched to 90%. This uranium was primarily stored at three key sites: Natanz, Fordow, and Isfahan. However, the exact damages inflicted during the last summer's attacks remain uncertain, as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has not conducted inspections at these locations since that time. Reports indicate that more than half of the remaining uranium is present at the Isfahan site, underscoring the ongoing criticality of the situation.

The continued survival of these facilities raises significant questions about regional security and the potential for nuclear proliferation. While military operations against such sites might appear plausible, the apparent restraint shown in targeting these facilities suggests a complex calculus by the involved parties. As the war evolves, Iran’s capacity for nuclear advancement remains a pivotal concern for global peace and security, necessitating close attention to future developments in this volatile region.