In light of a more aggressive Russia and a less reliable United States, Europe faces difficult discussions about its nuclear deterrent strategies. The question arises: if the U.S. nuclear umbrella is no longer viewed as credible, how can Europe effectively deter Russia, which possesses the world's largest nuclear arsenal? There is a growing argument for nuclear states like France and the UK to reinforce their roles in European defense, alongside highlighting the importance of conventional precision weapons as a supplement to nuclear deterrence.

Controversially, some have proposed that several European nations, including the Nordic countries, consider developing their own nuclear weapons. This suggestion has ignited a significant debate across Europe about the future of deterrence. It's crucial for European nations to engage in these discussions, acknowledging the shortcomings of all alternatives to the nuclear deterrent. While some advocate for the development of independent nuclear arsenals within Europe, the consensus among many experts is that such an approach is unrealistic.

Ultimately, the best strategy for Europe could involve a multifaceted approach—betting on several opportunities to strengthen their collective security against potential aggressors. This approach would not only address the immediate concerns regarding Russia's nuclear capabilities but also enhance cohesion among European states, fostering a united front in security and defense matters without solely relying on nuclear proliferation as a solution.