Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, has been at the helm of the Islamic Republic since 1989, taking over from the founder Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. At 86 years old, he has a long history of suppressing dissent; notable instances include the violent repression of student protests in 1999, the widespread protests following the controversial 2009 presidential elections, and the nationwide demonstrations of 2019. Khamenei's tenure has been marked by a consistent strategy of force to maintain control over the nation, despite facing repeated calls for reform from various segments of society.

The current situation in Iran has escalated following a wave of protests that erupted in 2022 and into 2023, sparked by the death of Mahsa Amini under suspicious circumstances while in police custody. This led to the 'Women, Life, Freedom' movement, challenging the regime's oppressive policies, particularly against women. Khamenei's response to this movement has been severe, with reports of mass arrests and violent crackdowns; the regime has interpreted these protests as a direct threat to its stability.

Compounding the regime's challenges, a recent surprise attack by the U.S. and Israel has heightened tensions within Iran. Khamenei's ability to manage both external threats and internal dissent will be crucial in determining the future for the Islamic Republic. His historical reliance on repression, coupled with the emerging social movements, suggests that the leader may face unprecedented challenges that could destabilize Iran's political landscape.