The relationship between Turkey and Iran has seen numerous fluctuations dating back to the demarcation of borders between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires in the 17th century. Over almost four hundred years, these relations have oscillated between direct military conflict, political competition, and temporary moments of rapprochement, eventually evolving into a relatively stable management of disputes. This historical perspective highlights the complexities inherent in Turkish-Iranian interactions, showcasing how past events shape current dynamics.

The significant transformations in the political systems of both countries have deeply influenced their bilateral relations. From the collapse of empires to the establishment of nation-states, and through pivotal moments such as the Cold War and the 1979 Iranian Revolution, ideological differences emerged, particularly concerning the secular Turkish state. The aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011 further reshaped the regional security priorities and influence of both nations, making their relationship even more critical in addressing regional crises.

In recent years, the relationship has acquired additional dimensions due to escalating regional crises, particularly in Syria, Iraq, and the South Caucasus. The implications of Iran's nuclear program and the repeated tensions between Iran and the United States contribute to the complexity of their ties. Amid these challenges, both countries often resort to a discourse that reflects their interdependent yet competitive nature, emphasizing the need for cooperation even in a context filled with rivalry.